A study of learning stress and stress management strategies of the students of postgraduate level: a case study of Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Stress management .........................This study was designed to study Learning Stress and Stress Management Strategies for University Students. The objectives of the study were to find out the common symptoms of stress, causes of stress and to suggest stress management strategies used by students for coping with stress. For collecting data, survey method was adopted. This study was completed by following the procedure of descriptive method of research. 39 questions were used for data collection. 200 students from different departments of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur were chosen as a sample of the study. This study concluded that majority of students felt fatigue during stress. Burden of study, assignments were major causes of stress and they agreed that they reduce stress by watching T.V/Movies, listen to music or take part in other leisure time activities. It was recommended that burden of study may be reduced by conducting co curricular activities in academic area

Mass Media in Zambia: Demand–Side Measures of Access, Use and Reach

How can targeted research help members of the development community hone their information‐sharing efforts at the policy level and at the grassroots level? What can members of the development community do to help improve the policy information flow in Africa, with a view toward supporting effective development policies? These questions are at the core of the multiyear AudienceScapes project launched by InterMedia in spring 2009. Its broad aim is to provide research and analysis to guide the information‐sharing efforts of development practitioners at the grassroots and policy levels, thereby supporting more effective development outcomes. Pilot research was conducted in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. AudienceScapes researchers gather and analyze data at two levels: among citizens ‐‐ measuring their access to and use of media and communication technologies as well as word‐of‐mouth networks, and how these relate to citizens' exposure to information on key development topics (health, agriculture and personal finance); within policy communities ‐‐ mapping the complex "information ecology" in which development policymakers operate. This report on access and use of mass media draws from a nationally representative survey of Zambian individuals conducted in spring 2010. Other reports from Zambia address use of mobile phones, the policy information environment, and access to critical health information. All AudienceScapes analytical reports, as well as a data query tool and other features, are available on the AudienceScapes website (www.audiencescapes.org). These resources give development professionals and their partners the means to provide critical information when and where it is needed to empower local communities.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117567/1/2010_Murthy-Hussain_InterMedia.pd

When Do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media

Although there have been many studies of the different ways regimes censor the use of social media by their citizens, shut- ting off social media altogether is something that rarely happens. However, it happens at the most politically sensitive times and has widespread—if not global—consequences for political, eco- nomic and cultural life. When do states disconnect their digital networks, and why? To answer this question, the authors build an event history database of incidents in which a regime went beyond mere censorship of particular websites or users. The authors draw from multiple sources, including major news media, specialized news services, and international experts, to construct an event log database of 566 incidents. This rich, original dataset allows for a nuanced analysis of the conditions for state action, and the authors offer some assessment of the effect of such desperate action. Comparative analysis indicates that both democratic and author- itarian regimes disable social media networks for citing concerns about national security, protecting authority figures, and preserv- ing cultural and religious morals. Whereas democracies disable social media with the goal of protecting children, authoritarian regimes also attempt to eliminate what they perceive as propa- ganda on social media. The authors cover the period 1995–2011 and build a grounded typology on the basis of regime type, what states actually did to interfere with digital networks, why they did it, and who was affected.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150688/1/2011 - Howard, Agarwal, Hussain (2).pdfDescription of 2011 - Howard, Agarwal, Hussain (2).pdf : main articl

What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICT s and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97489/1/misr12020.pd

Effect of Passenger Car Unit on Highway Capacity under Different Traffic Spectrum

Passenger car unit (PCU) is well known in traffic engineering, where passenger cars are often used as a measure or basis for converting different categories of vehicles. This research will show the importance of PCU on the same and different vehicles changing the effect of varying traffic spectrums (low-speed vehicles and non-motorized vehicles). This research discussed ten sections of various highways in Pakistan (one section of motorway, two sections of national highways, and the remaining seven sections of two-way roads). In this research, we calculated the speed of different vehicle types, the area of different vehicle types, the width of the highway, and traffic composition on ten sections of highways. After that, we estimated the value of the passenger car unit using the speed-based method. Now we shall be drawn a comparison between the value of passenger car unit of different vehicles on the different sections of highways. The importance of passenger car unit on the same and different vehicles changes the effect of different traffic spectrums. When we compare section number 1 and the remaining all other nine sections of highways, we can easily see the impact of low-speed vehicles (non-motorized) on the value of passenger car unit. Because only section number 1 is the motorway section, and there are no low-speed vehicles (Motorbikes) present on the motorway in Pakistan. Low-speed vehicles exist in the remaining other sections. All these effects are discussed in this paper

Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring

Did digital media really "cause" the Arab Spring, or is it an important factor of the story behind what might become democracy's fourth wave? An unlikely network of citizens used digital media to start a cascade of social protest that ultimately toppled four of the world's most entrenched dictators. Howard and Hussain find that the complex causal recipe includes several economic, political and cultural factors, but that digital media is consistently one of the most important sufficient and necessary conditions for explaining both the fragility of regimes and the success of social movements. This book looks at not only the unexpected evolution of events during the Arab Spring, but the deeper history of creative digital activism throughout the region.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117564/1/Democracy's Fourth Wave.pdfDescription of Democracy's Fourth Wave.pdf : PD

New Media to Further Global Engagement

This 2010 Brookings workshop paper explores opportunities for expanding the instruments available to foreign policy-makers to engage weak states. Fragmented and internally divided states can be difficult to influence by traditional foreign policy means and further can be difficult to understand through traditional media outlets. New models of civil society action catalyzed by new media—and more broadly grounded civic media—show potential for reducing internal conflict and promoting social trust among tribal, ethnic, and religious groups. Bringing new media communications together with civil society action and model programs creates more powerful opportunities to enhance understanding of these internal conflicts and thereby address them in ways that will help accelerate social and political change. This paper identifies new media tools and connection technologies that can foster or enhance civic engagement through case studies that span the globe. It was prepared for, and its recommendations reflect the proceedings of, the New Media working group at the 2010 U.S.-Islamic World Forum.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117566/1/2010_Madhany-Hussain_Brookings.pd

Calibration and prediction improvement of imperfect subsurface flow models

In this thesis, problems related to calibration of imperfect reservoir models, biased parameter estimation and prediction reliability have been addressed. The main objective of this thesis is to avoid overconfident, inaccurate and unreliable predictions while accounting for model-error during the calibration process. Accounting for reservoir model-error in calibration (history matching) can correct/reduce the bias in parameter estimation and improves the prediction of the subsurface flow model. In this thesis, several approaches and algorithms have been developed and investigated which could be applied at different conditions depending on the modelling assumptions. In the first approach, the parameter estimation problem is formulated as a joint estimation of the imperfect model parameters and the error-model parameters. The prior distributions of the error-model parameters are evaluated before calibration through analysis of leading sources of the modelling errors using pairs of high-fidelity and low-fidelity simulation models. A Bayesian framework is adopted for solving the inverse problem, where the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) is utilized as a calibration algorithm. In the second approach, two new algorithms to account for model-error during calibration are developed which are the variants of the first approach and existing algorithms. The main aim is to develop flexible algorithms that can handle strong serially correlated outputs of the physical model, variable boundary conditions (i.e. variable well open/shut schedules and rate/pressure controls) and structured model-errors (i.e. strong correlation in time). In the third approach, the model-error during calibration is accounted for without knowing any prior statistics of model-discrepancy. For this purpose, a flexible ensemble-based algorithm is developed which can reduce bias in parameter estimation after calibration of imperfect models in order to improve the prediction capacity/reliability of the calibrated physical model. The flexible ensemble-based algorithm is quite general and has the capability to capture unknown model-error uncertainty by relaxing many of the assumptions commonly introduced in the literature